Cornus mas, commonly known as Cornelian cherry, is a small deciduous tree or large shrub native to parts of Europe and Asia. It is prized for its ornamental qualities, culinary uses, and medicinal properties.

1. Appearance: Cornus mas typically grows to a height of 15-25 feet (4.5-7.5 meters) with a spread of 10-15 feet (3-4.5 meters). It has a rounded, spreading habit with dense branching. The leaves are oval-shaped, glossy green in color, turning red or purple in the fall. In late winter to early spring, clusters of small, bright yellow flowers appear before the leaves emerge, adding a burst of color to the landscape.

2. Fruit: The fruit of Cornus mas, known as cornelian cherries, are small, oblong drupes that ripen in late summer to early fall. They start off green and gradually turn bright red as they mature. The fruit has a tart flavor when eaten fresh but can be processed into jams, jellies, syrups, and alcoholic beverages. It is rich in vitamin C and antioxidants.

3. Edible Uses: Cornelian cherries have been used in culinary traditions for centuries. They can be eaten fresh when fully ripe or used in cooking and baking to add flavor to various dishes. The tartness of the fruit makes it suitable for preserves, sauces, and desserts. In some cultures, the fruit is also dried and used as a snack or in herbal teas.

4. Medicinal Properties: In addition to its culinary uses, Cornus mas has a long history of medicinal use. The fruit is believed to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-boosting properties. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments, including digestive disorders, fever, and rheumatism. Extracts from the bark and leaves may also have therapeutic benefits.

5. Ornamental Value: Cornus mas is valued for its ornamental beauty. In addition to its showy flowers and attractive fruit, the tree has smooth, gray bark that adds visual interest to the winter landscape. It is commonly used as a specimen tree, hedge, or screen in gardens and parks.

6. Adaptability: Cornus mas is a hardy and adaptable plant that thrives in a wide range of soil types and environmental conditions. It is drought-tolerant once established and can tolerate both full sun and partial shade. It is relatively low-maintenance and resistant to pests and diseases.

In summary, Cornus mas is a versatile and attractive plant with ornamental, culinary, and medicinal value. Its showy flowers, colorful fruit, and adaptability make it a popular choice for gardeners and landscapers seeking to enhance their outdoor spaces.

How to grow Cornelian cherry from seed

Growing Cornus mas from seed can be a rewarding process, but it requires patience and attention to detail. Here's a step-by-step guide to help you grow Cornus mas from seed:

1. Seed Collection: Harvest ripe fruits from a healthy Cornus mas tree in late summer to early fall. Select fully mature fruits that are firm, plump, and bright red in color.

2. Seed Extraction: Remove the pulp from the seeds by gently crushing the fruits in a bowl of water. The viable seeds will sink to the bottom, while the pulp and non-viable seeds will float. Discard the floating material and rinse the seeds thoroughly.

3. Seed Treatment: Cornus mas seeds have a hard seed coat that can benefit from scarification, which helps to break dormancy and promote germination. You can scarify the seeds by nicking or scratching the seed coat with a knife or gently rubbing them with sandpaper. Alternatively, you can soak the seeds in warm water for 24 hours before planting.

4. Seed Stratification: Cornus mas seeds require a period of cold stratification to simulate winter conditions and trigger germination. Place the scarified seeds in a moistened medium such as peat moss, vermiculite, or sand, and seal them in a plastic bag or container. Store the seeds in the refrigerator for 90-120 days, ensuring they remain consistently moist but not waterlogged.

5. Planting: After the cold stratification period, prepare a planting container with well-draining potting soil. Plant the scarified and stratified seeds about 5 to 10mm deep in the soil. Water the soil thoroughly to ensure good contact between the seeds and the growing medium.

6. Germination: Place the planting container in a warm, well-lit area, such as a sunny windowsill or greenhouse. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged, as excessive moisture can lead to fungal problems. Germination can take several weeks to a few months, so be patient and monitor the soil moisture regularly.

7. Transplanting: Once the seedlings have developed several sets of true leaves and are strong enough to handle, transplant them into individual pots or a prepared outdoor location. Choose a sunny to partially shaded spot with well-draining soil.

8. Care: Provide regular watering and monitor the seedlings for signs of pests or disease. Protect young plants from harsh sunlight and strong winds until they become established.

By following these steps, you can successfully grow Cornus mas from seed and enjoy the beauty of this versatile and ornamental tree in your garden.